Voter Fraud, Voter Supression, Cyber Crime: What's the Bigger Threat to Democracy?

[bust]

A democracy is obligated to conduct free and fair elections. It should be reasonably easy to vote; elections should be untainted by fraud.

Since it came up on another thread, if you're interested in the subject, here's some information about voter ID laws and election fraud:

The Disconnect Between Voter ID Laws and Voter Fraud

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...d-voter-fraud/

Nate Silver four years ago estimated voter ID laws suppress voter turnout by somewhere between 2 and 3 percent:

Measuring the Effects of Voter Identification Laws

http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes...fication-laws/

Slate looked into why so many of the people affected are minorities:

Why Do Many Minorities Lack ID?

http://www.slate.com/articles/news_a...he_polls_.html

It's preposterous to imagine that without voter ID laws our elections are affected by anywhere near 2 to 3 percent voter impersonation fraud. We should have no tolerance for fraud, but it's reasonable to believe voter ID laws cause much more harm than good, and unevenly.

The facts are voter impersonation fraud rarely ever happens.

New York University's School of Law compiled a trove of academic research on voter fraud. Its title betrays their conclusion:

The Myth of Voter Fraud

http://www.brennancenter.org/issues/voter-fraud

They wrote a paper summarizing their research:

The Truth about Voter Fraud

http://www.brennancenter.org/publica...ut-voter-fraud

Like Lowell said in another thread, maybe the answer is to require voters to present acceptable ID while also making obtaining an acceptable ID much easier, particularly for those citizens who currently have little need to possess one. But let's make sure we're putting our effort in the right places.

I suspect long lines at polling locations are a much bigger problem. Here's a position paper on the subject, also from New York University's School of Law. They provide links to lots more information there too:

End Long Lines

https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/end-long-lines

One study estimates that in the 2012 election, long lines discouraged 201,000 people from voting in Florida, alone. Some had to wait more than 8 hours:

Analysis: 201,000 in Florida didn't vote because of long lines

http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/...te-ken-detzner

201,000 Floridians would have to go through the trouble of impersonating someone and voting twice to distort the vote count as significantly. It just doesn't happen.

Meanwhile, a federal appellate court panel recently struck down Michigan's law banning straight ticket voting. The panel's rationale was specifically to avoid longer lines in minority polling places:

Michigan AG Bill Schuette to fight for ban on voting by straight ticket

http://www.freep.com/story/news/poli...ting/88895656/

Minority polling places are already disproportionately affected by long lines:

Long Lines at Minority Polling Places

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/op...ng-places.html

...Otherwise, like some others here have said, there is good reason to be concerned about hacking and voting machine fraud. It's not hard to imagine how that could make an impact. With Russia on his side, maybe Trump has a better chance than polls show.

In any case, cyber security is definitely not something I'd trust the Federal Election Commission to manage. Let's hope there are people with much better expertise on the subject watching vigilantly.

P.S.: My inspiration to write this was the discussion that developed from what began as a foul turd of another thread. Like a plant that sprouted from manure, some good came of it. But I thought it was time to re-pot the plant.

[Bobl]

Cyber crime, by far. Worse than any of those listed is the Citizens United supreme court decision. A tiny number of very wealthy people worked for years to get the decision. How? Read the book Dark Money, by Jane Mayer. They are cashing in, big time, today.

[bust]

Cyber crime, by far. Worse than any of those listed is the Citizens United supreme court decision. A tiny number of very wealthy people worked for years to get the decision. How? Read the book Dark Money, by Jane Mayer. They are cashing in, big time, today.

Great point.

[bust]

This academic research explains in detail why so many legitimate citizens lack identification. Voter ID laws disenfranchise them. The facts are shocking:

The Driver License Status of the Voting Age Population in Wisconsin

http://www4.uwm.edu/eti/barriers/DriversLicense.pdf

Findings:

1. Many adults do not have either a drivers license or a photo ID. An estimated 23 percent of persons aged 65 and over do not have a Wisconsin drivers license or a photo ID. The population of elderly persons 65 and older without a drivers license or a state photo ID totals 177,399, and of these 70 percent are women. While racial data was not available on the state population with photo IDs, 91 percent of the state’s elderly without a Wisconsin drivers license are white. An estimated 98,247 Wisconsin residents ages 35 through 64 also do not have either a drivers license or a photo ID.

2. Minorities and poor populations are the most likely to have drivers license problems. Less than half [[47 percent) of Milwaukee County African American adults and 43 percent of Hispanic adults have a valid drivers license compared to 85 percent of white adults in the Balance of State [[BOS, i.e., outside Milwaukee County). The situation for young adults ages 18-24 is even worse -- with only 26 percent of African Americans and 34 percent of Hispanics in Milwaukee County with a valid license compared to 71 percent of young white adults in the Balance of State.

3. A large number of licensed drivers have had their licenses suspended or revoked, many for failure to pay fines and forfeitures rather than traffic points violations. The drivers license file shows 39,685 individuals in Milwaukee County who have drivers licenses but also recent suspensions or revocations on their licenses. Another 49,804 Milwaukee County adults had a recent suspension/revocation but no license with the DOT. Only 65 percent of adults in Milwaukee County have a current and valid Wisconsin drivers license, compared to 83 percent of adults in the Balance of State.

4. A portion of the population with a drivers license and a recent suspension or revocation may retain their license as an ID for voting and others may secure a state photo ID. These licenses cannot be renewed, however, without clearing up the outstanding fines and fees.

5. Students without a Wisconsin drivers license or a Wisconsin photo ID would need to obtain either one to vote. Those students and young adults living away from home but retaining their permanent home address on their drivers license need to provide proof of residence to vote prior to registration under current laws. Because the drivers license is a valid ID, regardless of address, few if any in this population would have a photo ID with a current address. These individuals may have a Wisconsin or out-of-state drivers license but not one with a current address. At UWM, Marquette University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a total of 12,624 students live in residence halls, but only 280 [[2 percent) have drivers licenses with these dorms’ addresses. All others require special handling to vote under proposed and current legislation.

6. The population that changes residence frequently is most likely to have a drivers license address that differs from their current residence. This would include lower-income residents who rent and students and young adults living away from home [[who are likely to have a drivers license listing an incorrect address or their permanent home address). To illustrate this point, 16 Wisconsin ZIP codes were identified which have the highest concentration of undergraduate students [[both in dorms and in apartments). These ZIP codes had 118,075 young voting age adults [[ages 18-24) but 83,981 [[or 71 percent) 18-24 year olds did not have a drivers license with this current ZIP code address. Over half of the adults of the 18-24 year old age group did not have a drivers license with an address in their current ZIP code for college neighborhoods in Eau Claire, LaCrosse, Madison, Milwaukee, Oshkosh, Platteville, River Falls, Stevens Point, Stout, and Whitewater. All of those without a current address on their drivers license or ID need to provide proof of residence.

[bust]

At the risk of taking the tread off track, as I contemplate how many Milwaukee residents have had their licenses revoked, I have to imagine it's a major inconvenience to not be able to drive there.

And as I wonder how it's possible such a high percentage have lost their license, I can't help but remember how Philando Castile was pulled over while driving at least 49 times in Minnesota before he was killed when it happened again, for the 50th time.

Philando Castile Was Pulled Over 49 Times in 13 Years, Often for Minor Infractions

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/us...fic-stops.html

The magnitude of the bias african-americans sometimes encounter behind the wheel was hard for me to understand until I came to know very well a true patriot, an african-american member of the board of directors at one of our five military academies. I developed more empathy after learning about some of his own encounters, even as he drove luxury cars wearing business attire. I should have known better growing up as I did in Grosse Pointe a few decades ago: it was impossible not to see it happening all the time.

As we discuss voter ID laws it's relevant to consider whether all americans truly have equal access to valid IDs. I suggest the "driving while black" phenomenon is one more reason among many why perhaps not all americans do.

I think we've made great strides as a just society. But I think it would be wrong to believe we don't still have some way left to go.

[Jimaz]

DetroitYES Home » Non Detroit Issues » Thom Hartmann » Judges Are Finally Calling Out Voter Suppression For What It Is!

From the NY Times article:

In the North Carolina voter ID case, decided by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, Judge Diana Gribbon Motz likewise asked whether there was a problem for the new law to solve. North Carolina, like other states, claimed it needed the law to prevent fraud at the polls. But “the state has failed to identify even a single individual who has ever been charged with committing in-person voter fraud in North Carolina,” Judge Motz said.

By contrast, she continued, “the General Assembly did have evidence of alleged cases of mail-in absentee voter fraud.” But despite knowing that citizens who lacked the required identification were disproportionately black, while those who voted by absentee ballot were disproportionately white, the legislators rejected amendments that would have extended identification requirements to absentee voting. “We do not ask whether the state has an interest in preventing voter fraud — it does — or whether a photo ID requirement constitutes one way to serve that interest — it may,” Judge Motz wrote. Rather, she said, the question was whether the Legislature would have enacted the law “if it had no disproportionate impact on African-American voters.” She concluded: “The record evidence establishes that it would not have.”

Throughout her opinion, North Carolina State Conference of the N.A.A.C.P. v. McCrory, Judge Motz documented how the Legislature, armed with data it had requested showing the racial breakdown of voters who used various practices, specifically singled out for limitations or elimination those practices most used by African-American voters. These included early voting and same-day registration. Judge Motz then observed somewhat delicately that “the party that newly dominated the legislature” was also “the party that rarely enjoyed African-American support” — facts that provided the answer to what she called “the puzzle of the General Assembly’s motivation.” The answer to the puzzle: The Republican politicians’ motive was to entrench their party in office in the face of surging voter registration and participation by North Carolina’s black citizens.

“Using race as a proxy for party may be an effective way to win an election,” Judge Motz wrote. “But intentionally targeting a particular race’s access to the franchise because its members vote for a particular party, in a predictable manner, constitutes discriminatory purpose.”

Busted. [[No pun intended, bust.)

I suppose the lesson learned is that if Republican politicians want to continue rigging elections, they're going to have to become even more sneaky than they already are.

Or they could try using integrity for once. ROFLMAO!

[G-DDT]

This academic research explains in detail why so many legitimate citizens lack identification. Voter ID laws disenfranchise them. The facts are shocking:

The Driver License Status of the Voting Age Population in Wisconsin

http://www4.uwm.edu/eti/barriers/DriversLicense.pdf

Findings:

1. Many adults do not have either a drivers license or a photo ID. An estimated 23 percent of persons aged 65 and over do not have a Wisconsin drivers license or a photo ID. The population of elderly persons 65 and older without a drivers license or a state photo ID totals 177,399, and of these 70 percent are women. While racial data was not available on the state population with photo IDs, 91 percent of the state’s elderly without a Wisconsin drivers license are white. An estimated 98,247 Wisconsin residents ages 35 through 64 also do not have either a drivers license or a photo ID.

2. Minorities and poor populations are the most likely to have drivers license problems. Less than half [[47 percent) of Milwaukee County African American adults and 43 percent of Hispanic adults have a valid drivers license compared to 85 percent of white adults in the Balance of State [[BOS, i.e., outside Milwaukee County). The situation for young adults ages 18-24 is even worse -- with only 26 percent of African Americans and 34 percent of Hispanics in Milwaukee County with a valid license compared to 71 percent of young white adults in the Balance of State.

3. A large number of licensed drivers have had their licenses suspended or revoked, many for failure to pay fines and forfeitures rather than traffic points violations. The drivers license file shows 39,685 individuals in Milwaukee County who have drivers licenses but also recent suspensions or revocations on their licenses. Another 49,804 Milwaukee County adults had a recent suspension/revocation but no license with the DOT. Only 65 percent of adults in Milwaukee County have a current and valid Wisconsin drivers license, compared to 83 percent of adults in the Balance of State.

4. A portion of the population with a drivers license and a recent suspension or revocation may retain their license as an ID for voting and others may secure a state photo ID. These licenses cannot be renewed, however, without clearing up the outstanding fines and fees.

5. Students without a Wisconsin drivers license or a Wisconsin photo ID would need to obtain either one to vote. Those students and young adults living away from home but retaining their permanent home address on their drivers license need to provide proof of residence to vote prior to registration under current laws. Because the drivers license is a valid ID, regardless of address, few if any in this population would have a photo ID with a current address. These individuals may have a Wisconsin or out-of-state drivers license but not one with a current address. At UWM, Marquette University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a total of 12,624 students live in residence halls, but only 280 [[2 percent) have drivers licenses with these dorms’ addresses. All others require special handling to vote under proposed and current legislation.

6. The population that changes residence frequently is most likely to have a drivers license address that differs from their current residence. This would include lower-income residents who rent and students and young adults living away from home [[who are likely to have a drivers license listing an incorrect address or their permanent home address). To illustrate this point, 16 Wisconsin ZIP codes were identified which have the highest concentration of undergraduate students [[both in dorms and in apartments). These ZIP codes had 118,075 young voting age adults [[ages 18-24) but 83,981 [[or 71 percent) 18-24 year olds did not have a drivers license with this current ZIP code address. Over half of the adults of the 18-24 year old age group did not have a drivers license with an address in their current ZIP code for college neighborhoods in Eau Claire, LaCrosse, Madison, Milwaukee, Oshkosh, Platteville, River Falls, Stevens Point, Stout, and Whitewater. All of those without a current address on their drivers license or ID need to provide proof of residence.

Which would all explain how a guy like Scott Walker got in as governor [[especially as far as Milwaukee and Madison are concerned).

As far as the Driver license loss concern, I think one of the few cities not as affected about driving would be Madison, as they are very developed as being bicycle friendly.

[Bobl]

Next time a politician complains or warns about voter fraud, take a look at his gerrymandered congressional district. These are the most blatant examples of real voter fraud.

[Bigb23]

Michigan AG Bill Schuette to fight for ban on voting by straight ticket

Has this guy ever NOT done a party ticket ? So we voted him in to be the Lawyer for the people, and he does the opposite.?

Just his name makes me sick.

[Johnnny5]

Cyber crime, by far. Worse than any of those listed is the Citizens United supreme court decision. A tiny number of very wealthy people worked for years to get the decision. How? Read the book Dark Money, by Jane Mayer. They are cashing in, big time, today.

Agreed.

It's major corporations, billionaires and their bought and paid for news media and congressmen. George Soros, the Koch Brothers, Michael Bloomberg, GE, Monsanto and many others. They're the biggest threat that American democracy faces and I'm afraid that it's going to get a lot worse before it gets better.

[bust]

Cyber crime, by far. Worse than any of those listed is the Citizens United supreme court decision. A tiny number of very wealthy people worked for years to get the decision. How? Read the book Dark Money, by Jane Mayer. They are cashing in, big time, today.

This investigative report by the Guardian is well worth a Sunday read. It analyzes 1500 pages of leaked documents related to an investigation into Scott Walker's potential campaign finance violations in Wisconsin. They reveal the influence of corporate interests and other big money on elections and how it's grown even more powerful since the Citizens United decision:

Because Scott Walker Asked

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/...rican-politics

An excerpt:

"The John Doe files published today open a door onto how modern US elections operate in the wake of Citizens United, the 2010 US supreme court ruling that unleashed a flood of corporate money into the political process. They speak to the mounting sense of public unease about the cosy relationship between politicians and big business, and to the frustration of millions of Americans who feel disenfranchised by an electoral system that put the needs of corporate donors before ordinary voters."

"One of the checks made out to the group, for $10,000, came from a financier called G Frederick Kasten Jr. In the subject line of the check, Kasten had written in his own hand: “Because Scott Walker asked”.




Because Scott Walker asked. That could stand as an elegant catchphrase for the state of democracy in the US today, where elections are lost or won as much according to candidates’ ability to attract corporate cash as by the strength of their leadership or ideas."

[bust]

A few other things were revealed in those leaked documents from Wisconsin. Among them, they revealed how Republicans in Wisconsin whipped up false claims of voter fraud in order to set the stage to pass restrictive Voter ID laws and limit early voting. Their statements further reveal those laws were written specifically to suppress voting from groups likely to vote democratic: minorities and college students. And the claims of voter fraud are merely a "marketing ploy":

The New York Times dug into this aspect in greater depth.

Some Republicans Acknowledge Leveraging Voter ID Laws for Political Gain

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us...ical-gain.html

"The Wisconsin statute was part of a wave of voter ID laws enacted in the last six years, mostly by Republican-controlled legislatures whose leaders claimed that cheating at the ballot box is a routine occurrence.

Yet academic studies and election-law experts broadly agree that voter fraud is not a widespread problem in American elections. Rather, they say, it is a widespread political tactic used either to create doubt about an election’s validity or to keep one’s opponents — in most cases, Democratic voters — from casting ballots."

If you don't trust the New York Times, you don't have to take their word for it. They quote many Republicans who in unguarded moments admit to the voter suppression strategy of the voter id laws. You can read the statements and even watch the YouTube videos of the politicians saying these words yourself.

Here's just one example, since I mentioned Wisconsin:

"Todd Allbaugh, 46, a staff aide to a Republican state legislator, attributed his decision to quit his job in 2015 and leave the party to what he witnessed at a Republican caucus meeting. He wrote on Facebook:

I was in the closed Senate Republican Caucus when the final round of multiple Voter ID bills were being discussed. A handful of the GOP Senators were giddy about the ramifications and literally singled out the prospects of suppressing minority and college voters. Think about that for a minute. Elected officials planning and happy to help deny a fellow American’s constitutional right to vote in order to increase their own chances to hang onto power."

The article references many others, from more senior officials, including state representatives and a governor.

This is also worth a Sunday read.

[bust]

Finally, the New York Times wrote an editorial discussing how it is that so many Americans now believe the myth voter fraud is a significant problem.

The Success of the Voter Fraud Myth

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/op...raud-myth.html

Here's an excerpt:

"Last week, a Washington Post-ABC News poll found that nearly half of registered American voters believe that voter fraud occurs “somewhat” or “very” often. That astonishing number includes two-thirds of people who say they’re voting for Donald Trump and a little more than one-quarter of Hillary Clinton supporters. Another 26 percent of American voters said that fraud “rarely” occurs, but even that characterization is off the mark. Just 1 percent of respondents gave the answer that comes closest to reflecting reality: “Never.”

As study after study has shown, there is virtually no voter fraud anywhere in the country. The most comprehensive investigation to date found that out of one billion votes cast in all American elections between 2000 and 2014, there were 31 possible cases of impersonation fraud. Other violations — like absentee ballot fraud, multiple voting and registration fraud — are also exceedingly rare. So why do so many people continue to believe this falsehood?

Credit for this mass deception goes to Republican lawmakers, who have for years pushed a fake story about voter fraud, and thus the necessity of voter ID laws, in an effort to reduce voting among specific groups of Democratic-leaning voters. Those groups — mainly minorities, the poor and students — are less likely to have the required forms of identification.

Behind closed doors, some Republicans freely admit that stoking false fears of electoral fraud is part of their political strategy. In a recently disclosed email from 2011, a Republican lobbyist in Wisconsin wrote to colleagues about a very close election for a seat on the State Supreme Court. “Do we need to start messaging ‘widespread reports of election fraud’ so we are positively set up for the recount regardless of the final number?” he wrote. “I obviously think we should.”

Sometimes they acknowledge it publicly. In 2012, a former Florida Republican Party chairman, Jim Greer, told The Palm Beach Post that voter ID laws and cutbacks in early voting are “done for one reason and one reason only” — to suppress Democratic turnout. Consultants, Mr. Greer said, “never came in to see me and tell me we had a fraud issue. It’s all a marketing ploy.”"

I encourage you to read the rest.

[Jimaz]

This investigative report by the Guardian is well worth a Sunday read. It analyzes 1500 pages of leaked documents related to an investigation into Scott Walker's potential campaign finance violations in Wisconsin....

Thom covered this well in
DetroitYES Home » Non Detroit Issues » Thom Hartmann » The Secret Influence of Corporate Cash on Politics REVEALED! [[w/Guest: Ed Pilkington).

There is a link to the actual leaked documents there.

[Jimaz]

DetroitYES Home » Non Detroit Issues » Thom Hartmann » Surprise! DOJ Catches Another State Disenfranchises Voters! [[w/Guest: Ian Millhiser) discusses a similar issue in North Carolina.

What makes this story interesting is that a court researched how a law was made and discovered that the legislature deliberately set out to design it to rig elections based on known voting patterns.

[G-DDT]

This is huge, and cannot be ignored.

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-us...-idUSKCN11X28KWhen the FBI is involved, and U.S. Officials [[from which departments, I'd like to know) are coming forward with the strong allegations that they believe Russia is behind these attacks not only on Democratic Party locations but folk's personal phones it is not to be brushed off.

Funny how Trump who loves to play up emotionalism, histrionics, and saying how doomed and bad off America and how ugly the threats of the "rest of the world" pose to our Democratic freedoms can be so suspiciously casual and dismissive about it.

The questions we must ask are: is it Russia? Have they gone from chess champs to super cyber hacks [[I've brought up issues about the trolls from Olgino.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolls_from_Olgino)?
Is this how Trump wins after being so unapologetic, contradictory, and brutely undiplomatic at every debate? So, instead of faulty punchcards or cordoning off election sites in Ohio, we are going to get hacked and just let it happen?

Honestly, I'd be just as mad if I heard the Republicans were being targeted, as well, from some outside hacking source in collusion with the other party. Not that some from the Republican party wouldn't try to diffuse suspicion by assuming that they were victims, as well.http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/14/politi...ul-rnc-hacked/

[Jimaz]

Whenever these cybersecurity stories pop up I think it's important to restate that it is possible for any individual to secure their own communications in ways that cannot be hacked.

Somehow that fact is never mentioned in these stories — as if to lure the public into a false sense of insecurity and dependence.

E.g., see GNU Privacy Guard.

[G-DDT]

Whenever these cybersecurity stories pop up I think it's important to restate that it is possible for any individual to secure their own communications in ways that cannot be hacked.

Somehow that fact is never mentioned in these stories — as if to lure the public into a false sense of insecurity and dependence.

E.g., see GNU Privacy Guard.

True.

More fear-mongering from the press and a need to run to the remedy offered that will protect us [["good afternoon, I am Bruce, and I work with Microsoft Tech support calling to tell you your computer has a virus, that your refrigerator is running away, and Prince Alpert is suffocating in a can.") from the criminals who love to "do crime for crime's sake", those wacky germs on the greater populace of youth threatening to get at your child [[Sorry, no rough n' tumble "Little Rascal" lifestyle living for your kid.), and a terrorist under every rug [[no wait, wait...Africanized bees, no Y2K, no...uh...heavy metal-listening, Dungeons & Dragons-playing Satanist Childcare workers, no communists in Hollywood....no wait, Muslims....uh....Marv Alpert.).

[coracle]

THE LYING [[BY OMISSION) MEDIA IS THE BIGGEST THREAT TO DEMOCRACY.

[Zacha341]

^^^ Yep. As the sole embodiment of evil, add Donald Trump as one folk propping her up too!!

[Dan Wesson]

the banks must be restrained, and the financial system reformed.

[Jimaz]

DetroitYES Home » Non Detroit Issues » Thom Hartmann » Republican Governors Are Attacking Voting Rights... And We Can't Afford To Let Them Win!

[bust]

Even after courts invalidated restrictive ID laws for unconstitutionally disenfranchising voters some states are dragging their feet complying with the court orders, some of their election officials are sowing confusion, and many legitimate voters are encountering new barriers on the ground:

As ID Laws Fall, Voters See New Barriers Rise
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/26/us...r-id-laws.html

[bust]

The NY Times today published some good infographics that illustrate the rise of Voter ID laws in states across the US, and compare their various provisions:

How States Moved Toward Stricter Voter ID Laws
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2...r-id-laws.html

I noticed one of the charts has a bug that prevents it from displaying data in Firefox, so you may want to check them out in Chrome or Safari.

[bust]

The NY Times today also published a story describing 5 risks to this year's elections presented by possible cyber attacks:

Five Possible Hacks to Worry About Before Election Day
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/us...ction-day.html

In case you've already used your monthly allotment of free Times articles, here's a brief summary of their list. The article describes each possibility in detail so I encourage you to read the actual article if you can.

1. A flood of disclosures [[more hacked emails or the like);
2. Interfering with voter registration rolls [[messing with the voter registration databases);
3. Manipulating the count reported to news organizations [[altering the unofficial vote count provided by the Associated Press to sow doubt and confusion about the veracity of the official vote count, which is not usually reported until days later);
4. An internet disruption that makes it hard to get to the polls [[an attack targeting systems or organizations that provide voting information or otherwise help citizens cast their vote);
5. Tinkering with voting machines [[manipulating votes where they are cast).